Paediatric anaesthesia: Other resources

Learning Objectives:
1. To identify the types of paediatric patients that may undergo craniofacial reconstruction
2. To develop an age-appropriate anaesthetic plan for paediatric patients requiring craniofacial reconstruction
3. To recognize signs of venous air embolism in paediatric patients during craniofacial reconstruction
4. To review intra-operative fluid resuscitation in paediatric patients requiring craniofacial reconstruction
5 To recognize other possible pre- intra- and post-operative adverse outcomes in paediatric patients requiring craniofacial reconstruction
6. To recognize clinical scenarios that increase risk for adverse outcomes in paediatric patients undergoing craniofacial reconstruction

Learning Objectives:
1. To distinguish the types of allergic reactions to drugs or the environment.
2. To recognize drugs or environmental allergens associated with these allergic reactions.
3. To establish treatment strategies and follow-up for paediatric patients experiencing drug or environmental allergic reactions.

Learning Objectives:
1. To understand the essential components of preparation of a child for induction of anesthesia.
2. To discover pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions to alleviate anxiety.
3. To recognize the advantages and disadvantages of mask induction in paediatric patients.
4. To review the technique and sequence of mask induction in infants and children.
5. To distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of intravenous induction of anesthesia in paediatric patients.
6. To review the appropriate mg/kg dosages of common induction agents.

Learning Objectives:
1. To identify paediatric patients at increased risk for malignant hyperthermia in the perioperative period
2. To review and understand certain patients that are at increased risk for malignant hyperthermia in the preoperative period
3. To recognize signs of malignant hyperthermia in an anesthetized paediatric patient
4. To recognize signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia in the post-operative paediatric patient
5. To review various treatments of malignant hyperthermia in paediatric patients in the perioperative period

Learning Objectives:
1. To review the physiologic differences in cardiopulmonary, renal, hepatic, and other organ systems that exist in the transition from the foetus to the neonate to the young infant that may impact upon the care of these patients.
2. To identify the various congenital syndromes that require surgical intervention in the term infant, such as omphalocele, gastroschisis, duodenal atresia, and pyloric stenosis. (thoracic emergencies will be covered in another lecture).
3. To understand the physical requirements of the operating room, as well as the necessary equipment needed for monitoring and vascular access that will assist you in formulating an appropriate anaesthetic plan for these children.

Learning Objectives:
1. To become familiar with the preoperative evaluation of a child with suspected aspiration of a foreign body, and the timing and type of surgical intervention.
2. To understand the preoperative evaluation of a child with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSAS) including sleep study results and postoperative monitoring needs, and to integrate this information into the anaesthetic plan.
3. To understand the advantages and disadvantages of inhalational induction versus intravenous induction in patients with either a foreign body or Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome (OSAS).

Learning Objectives:
1. To understand the definition of pain and how pain differs between adults and children.
2. To be able to assess pain in children using an age-appropriate pain scale.
3. To be aware of treatment options for the management of mild, moderate, and severe pain in children.

Learning Objectives:
1. To be able to evaluate the infant and paediatric airway.
2. To distinguish the anatomical differences between infant, paediatric, and adult airways.
3. To distinguish the physiological differences in respiratory mechanics between infant, paediatric, and adult patients.

Learning Objectives:
1. To review the clinical spectrum of formerly premature infants
2. To recognize the pre-operative concerns for formerly premature infants and children requiring anesthesia or sedation
3. To formulate a plan for general and/or regional anesthesia as well as post-operative analgesia for the formerly premature infant or child

Learning Objectives:
1. To comprehend the proper use of and how to calculate replacement IV fluids in paediatric patients requiring anesthesia or sedation for surgery or other procedures.
2. To grasp the proper use of and how to calculate maintenance IV fluids in paediatric patients requiring anesthesia or sedation for surgery or other procedures.
3. To readily recognize the types of procedures or surgeries associated with significant blood loss in paediatric patients.
4. To appreciate differences in blood volume (cc/kg) in neonates, infants, children and adults.
5. To easily calculate blood and blood product replacement in paediatric patients and recognize metabolic changes of banked blood and massive transfusion.

Learning Objectives:
1. To recognize the clinical scenarios associated with impending cardiac or respiratory arrest in children during induction, maintenance or emergence from anesthesia
2. To recognize distinct roles for the paediatric anaesthesiology, surgical, and nursing team members in an intraoperative arrest
3. To understand the importance of the delivery of effective chest compressions during intraoperative arrest
4. To appreciate the medications and dosages used in paediatric intraoperative arrests
5. To become familiar and facile with the operation of the defibrillator in the anesthetizing location

Learning Objectives:
1. To understand the effects of the inhaled volatile anesthetics and intravenous anaesthetic agents on cerebral perfusion pressure
2. To develop an age-appropriate anaesthetic plan for paediatric patients requiring craniotomy for tumour resection or ventriculo-peritoneal shunt revision
3. To recognize signs and symptoms of neurological decompensation in patients prior to and while undergoing craniotomy for tumour resection or ventriculo-peritoneal shunt revision
4. To recognize other possible pre/intra and post-operative adverse outcomes in paediatric patients requiring craniotomy for tumour resection or ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, and to recognize clinical scenarios that increase risk for adverse outcomes in these patients
5. To review basic treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury and other diseases or lesions associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

Learning Objectives:
1. To understand the differences between paediatric and adult regional anesthesia.
2. To comprehend local anaesthetic dosing and toxicities in children.
3. To review ultrasound guided regional anesthesia anatomy and techniques.

Learning Objectives:
1. To distinguish the various congenital syndromes associated with difficult airways.
2. To discover reference materials that may help identify unfamiliar congenital syndromes.
3. To clarify the management strategies available for patients with difficult airways, such as airway manoeuvres, laryngeal mask airway (LMA), light wand, or fibreoptic bronchoscopy.
4. To review clinical scenarios of difficult airways and their management.